A chemical reaction is when one or more substances change and produce one or more new chemical substances. The substances that are involved in a chemical reaction and that are changed by it are called ...

Describing the kinetics of polymer reactions, such as the formation of loops and hairpins in nucleic acids or polypeptides, is complicated by the structural dynamics of their chains. Although both ...

The bottom-up fabrication of nano- and microscale structures from primary building blocks (molecules, colloidal particles) has made remarkable progress over the past two decades, but most research has ...